Breaking the Chains: Abu Zayd and the Crisis of Islamic Thought Adis Duderija When Nasr Hamid Abu Zayd was declared an apostate by Egyptian courts in 1995 and forced into exile, he became a living embodiment of the intellectual crisis he spent his career analyzing. The Egyptian scholar's seminal work, Critique of Religious Reason , remains urgently relevant today as a diagnosis of how religious discourse has calcified Muslim intellectual life. Abu Zayd identified five interconnected mechanisms through which contemporary Islamic thought constrains critical inquiry. Understanding these mechanisms is essential for anyone concerned with the Muslim world's capacity to address twenty-first-century challenges. Abu Zayd's first insight concerns what he calls the erasure of "cognitive distance" between text and interpreter. Contemporary traditionalist cum fundamentalist religious discourse systematically conflates human interpretation with divine revelation, prese...